Common Chemical Industries in Pakistan Following topics of the chapter are relevant to the tests below: Fertilizers, essential elements for plant growth, preparation and applications of fertilizers like ammonia, urea, ammonium nitrate, diammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, manufacturing process of cement,…
Macromolecules Following topics correspond to the tests of this chapter: Introduction, structure & types of polymers, polymerization process, synthetic polymers like PVC, polystyrene, PVA, polyester resins, polyamide resins, epoxy resins, biopolymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes & nucleic acids.…
Carboxylic Acids The important topics of this chapter concerning the tests are: Introduction & nomenclature of carboxylic acids, preparation of carboxylic acids & their physical properties, chemical reactions of carboxylic acids such as esterification, amide formation, partial and complete reduction,…
Aldehydes & Ketones The tests correspond to the following topics of chapter-12: Introduction and nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones, preparation of aldehydes & ketones, nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds such as addition of hydrogen cyanide, addition of sodium bisulphite,…
Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers Following topics of the chapter are relevant to the tests below: Introduction, classification and nomenclature of alcohols, phenols & ethers, industrial preparation of methanol, preparation of ethanol by fermentation, reactions of alcohol, identification tests for primary,…
Alkyl Halides Following topics are important with respect to the tests of chapter-10: Introduction, classification & nomenclature of alkyl halides, preparation of alkyl halides, reactivity of alkyl halides, substitution and elimination reactions of alkyl halides, and preparation & reactions of…
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Following topics of chapter-9 are relevant to the tests below: Introduction & classification of aromatic compounds, nomenclature of organic compounds, discovery and structure of benzene, atomic orbital treatment of benzene, stability of benzene, resonance & resonance structures of…
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons The topics of chapter-8 relevant to the tests are: Introduction and classification of hydrocarbons, nomenclature of hydrocarbons, preparations, properties and applications of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. The chapter has an exam value of 9 marks; 1 MCQ (1…
Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry The main topics relevant to the tests below are: Introduction of organic compounds, main features of organic compounds, sources of organic compounds like coal, natural gas & petroleum, cracking of petroleum, reforming of petroleum, classification…
Transition Elements The topics concerning the tests given below are: Introduction of transition metals, properties and general characteristics of transition metals, complex compounds, nomenclature of complex compounds, manufacture of iron and steel, corrosion, chemistry of chromates, dichromates and potassium permanganate.…